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世紀強震下的日本救災體系

防震訓練奏效

發放防災袋 備有乾糧飲水災民冷靜

東京市亂中有序

2011-03-13 中國時報 【黃菁菁/東京十二日電】
     
東日本大地震於十一日下午發生後,人口密集的東京都突然陷入混亂,雖然滿街都是回不了家的人潮,但大家既不恐慌也不推擠,都能保持冷靜的行動,看得出平日訓練有素。第二天避難人潮疏散之後,東京都除了車站、機場等之外,其他地方竟然一如往常的平靜。 
     
一位在位於東京赤阪的博報堂廣告公司上班的朋友說,公司在耐震性高的新大樓裡,十一日一發生地震,大樓管理員在確認電梯沒人後,電梯附近的鐵門就全部關閉封鎖,接著就聽到廣播提醒大家熄火,利用樓梯疏散等。當時從七樓的辦公室向外看,看到許多人都疏散到街頭,對面的辦公大樓裡每個人都已經戴好安全帽了。 
     
博報堂也立刻廣播通知員工戴上安全帽,有需要的人還可去領取公司平日就為員工準備好的防災袋,防災袋中裝了防災用品和乾糧、飲料等。公司同事們立即和家人聯絡,住得遠的人先行下班回家,有的人冒著嚴寒走了五個半小時才回到家。 
     
在日本,不只是學校、公家單位,一般公司行業也很注重防災。從幼稚園起,家長就要幫小朋友準備「防災頭巾」,其實就是一塊可以套在頭上的墊子,沒事時就當坐墊放在椅子上,有地震或學校舉辦防災演習時就立刻套在頭上。

一般家庭也被規定一定要裝消防警報器,而且還要定期檢查。日本也經常舉辦步行返家的防災避難訓練,許多上班族要以平日上班的裝扮,訓練穿西裝、皮鞋走路回家,在夜晚分不清東西南北時,還可以舉出手指測風向,因此日本友人被問到,知不知道如何走路回家時,大家都很有自信地說「沒問題呀!」 
     
此外,日本在二○○七年就建立全球最進步的地震早期預警系統,數百萬日本民眾在感覺劇烈震動前約一分鐘,就已獲知強烈地震即將來襲。

     
這套精密預警系統與日本各地約一千個地震計組成網絡連線,地震計偵測並分析地震的P波(初達波),如果預測這些地震的威力強大,就會發布警報。在此次大地震前,這套系統已發出十七次警報。 
     
此次大地震發生,東京地區的民眾在警報一分鐘後感覺到第一波強大震動,高樓大廈搖晃不已,大批民眾已爭取時間逃到戶外避難。

府應變 提供必要協助 
 
【聯合報╱莊小虎/工程師(台北市)】 2011.03.13 
 
日本發生大地震,透過網路,看了許多報導與訊息,心裡有不少感觸。

東京地區若震度四以上,就會自動切斷瓦斯(自行打開瓦斯表箱,按鈕重新啟動,幾分鐘內就會恢復正常供應)。這類預防災害的設計和安全考量的邏輯,值得台灣參考。

地震造成交通嚴重受損,數以萬計的人無家可歸,日本政府果斷而迅速地開放各級學校當避難所(發放毛巾或棉被),通令商店提供必要的協助或食物供應(政府埋單)。此外,相關情報內容也同時以中文、韓文、西班牙文等播送,讓旅居當地的外國人,至少不會全然不知所措。

如此嚴重的天災,日人仍可透過Twitter,互道平安,並彙整情資,相互支援。很好奇國內電信業者,基地台、光纖線路、海底電纜等,是否也有完善的備援?跟日本差不多,台灣位處於環太平洋地震帶,衷心期盼,若下次再有海嘯的強震來臨時,我們看到的,並非政府高層的震怒,而是毫不輸給東瀛的應變能力和同舟共濟。

 

網路救災 尋人募款

自由時報 2011-3-13

〔編譯魏國金、記者陳炳宏/綜合報導〕在日本發生毀滅性大海嘯後,透過Google、推特(Twitter)與類似在地網站搜尋親人下落,效果要比從殘破不堪的廢墟中過濾更好。

網路搜尋引擎巨擘Google特地開設尋人服務,讓焦急的災區受難者親友透過網路發布尋人啟事,或提供受災者的相關訊息。「Person Finder︰2011日本地震」網路尋人服務十二日開設以來,每幾分鐘就新增上千比資料,隨意打上「佐藤」(Sato)的姓氏,就會躍出數百個人名。

一名網友留下訊息指出︰「尋找佐藤亞紀(譯音),最後一次接獲她的消息是在地震後、海嘯前。」而另一個尋找法蒂瑪.佐藤(Fatima Sato)的訊息則是傳出好消息,因為短訊回文說︰「媽還好,她在回家的路上。」

Google尋人服務有英、日、韓與繁簡中文版本,日本或海外民眾可在該網站登錄欲尋親友的真實姓名或查看名單,知情者或本人則可回覆「平安」,或提供聯絡細節。迄至台灣時間十二日晚間十一點,該尋人網站已有近六萬筆資料登錄。日本與國際紅十字會也已開設類似網站。

微網誌「推特」也充斥慰問與提供協助的訊息,並提供以手機簡訊捐款給紅十字會的服務。一些國際巨星,如女神卡卡也推文義賣「我們為日本祈禱」手環,呼籲歌迷購買手環並捐款五美元,所得將全數捐做救援之用。R&B歌手艾莉西亞凱斯(Alicia Keys)也在推特上表達悼念︰「我為日本心碎。」紅透半邊天的加拿大「寶貝男孩」小賈斯汀(Justin Bieber)也推文說,日本是他最喜歡的地方之一。

日本東北大地震後,網路發揮了強大力量,民眾抱怨連連的日本國際電話打不通,網友建議改用Skype,可以快速聯絡成功。

另外,日本民間業者則自動自發架設「SAVE JAPAN」網站,裡面提供東北、關東、受害最嚴重地區的電力、電信、鐵路運輸狀況,還有洗腎醫療資訊;網友更是透過臉書、推特,鼓勵大家盡量節約能源,用最簡單的方式過生活,如手機充電十五分鐘就好,讓大部分電力可提供醫療救護用。

我佩服這個國家與人民

◎ 吳其哲

自由時報 2011-3-13

筆者整日守在電視機前,也透過網路與正在日本交換留學中的小兒聯繫。宛如煉獄的災區,看不到嚎啕大哭的災民;倒是看得到強忍悲傷,拿著手帕,靜靜擦拭著泛紅的眼眶,與各地秩序井然等待購物、領取用水的安靜的長長隊伍。是重災區中不可思議的景象,也是令人敬佩無比的景象。

大地震後大眾運輸隨即停駛,在路線尚未逐一逐段確認安全之前,歸心似箭的民眾在車站靜候恢復通車。入夜,確定暫時仍無法恢復,車站隨即開始發放「災害緊急糧食包」與「毛毯」給需要的人。排隊隊伍秩序井然。「災害緊急糧食包」內有寶特瓶水一瓶、兩包可立即食用的安心米飯、罐裝麵包一罐與甜鹹食物一包。「毛毯」不足以隔絕地面傳來的寒氣,主要車站的休息區,早就鋪好厚度約四公分的輕便型榻榻米,而非如九二一地震災民的冰冷水泥地面。

水管破裂,官方透過廣播,一邊呼籲暫停直接飲用自來水的同時,另一邊,緊急供水車已經到達災區。漫長的等待隊伍,也是秩序井然。對於無水桶者,官方準備了「夾鍊式手提透明塑膠袋」。平時薄薄一片,不佔地方,但灌水後,大大一袋約三公升,兩天內之飲水無虞。供水車也早已安裝好適當口徑的水龍頭,確保寶貴的水資源,不會有濺落的浪費。另外平常深藏在各地的「地下蓄水槽」也啟動,成為地區緊急供水處。

平常隨撥隨通的手機,此時日本人早已知道只要互相撥至「緊急留言系統」,留言或留簡訊告知自己的「所在與安否狀態」即可。留言後,親友撥欲聯絡的手機號碼,就可清楚聽到留言內容與留言時間,不會因持續不斷地互相找來找去,造成更廣泛的電話不通。

NHK也不斷廣播,請沿途民眾儘量避免上路,以減少可能的二次災害;而對於必須步行回家的民眾,則請沿途居民,提供必要的飲水等與開放自家洗手間等協助。更有超市免費提供物資給災民,而非藉機發災難財。

記憶中的洛杉磯地震、卡翠納風災、海地地震時,看到的是趁火打劫商家或是瘋狂搶奪物資的景象。如果說,最困苦的時候,最容易看出一個人或一個國家的真正價值,那麼日本應該是世界的風範之一。

日本政府與人民的嚴謹與效率,令人佩服。在在都讓人覺得:這個國度的人民所繳的稅金,實在繳得真有意義!

 (作者從事文教業)

日本公民社會 愈震愈勇

2011-03-13 中國時報 【李碩/新北新莊(自由業)】 
     
東日本大地震,傷亡損失仍然無法估計,但其政府及人民之應變,確有不少地方深值我國人借鏡。 
     
值得同屬地震帶的台灣效法之處:一、東京高樓建築物迄至昨日為止,尚無一處倒塌,其耐震度得力於研究改進之功。二、數千萬人口的東京都會,在缺乏電力照明和地鐵全面停駛之下,只見超市日用品與食物被搶購一空,而沒有如同美國紐約所見「趁火打劫」場面發生。三、在地鐵停駛,數百萬上班族無法回家時,由有車輛者協力滿載老人家平安返回家門,此種表現在其他國家誠屬罕見。四、福島核能發電廠釋放輻射蒸氣時,有計劃以階段性疏散附近十公里內居民,至安全地區。五、媒體多能顧全大局,避免影響人心浮動,未見競爭而誇大報導。

報導冷靜不煽情 網友盛讚NHK

2011-03-13 中國時報 【陳文信、特約記者廖瑞宜/綜合報導】 
     
日本人在世紀巨震中表現冷靜,部分地區將災情降到最低,除了拜長期培養的自我救災意識,媒體迅速冷靜傳播災情也發揮了一定功用,NHK電視台更成為全球媒體轉播主要來源。在地震的災情洪流中,媒體人自我期許傳播準確訊息,協助救災。 
     
台灣知名部落客米果在網路上發表「日本震災教我們的事」文章,盛讚NHK電視台在震災中的表現讓人欽佩,並呼籲台灣民眾、媒體、政府深自檢討、見賢思齊。文章一貼出立刻被網友大量轉載,回應留言更高達一千七百餘篇。 
     
在日本只要一有地震發生,NHK等電子媒體即在一分鐘內插撥速報,告訴民眾哪裡發生了幾級地震,提醒民眾小心且勿前往危急之地等。 
     
這次巨震中,與重災區東北地方相臨的北關東(木厲)木縣,不臨海,但面對當地六級震度時,雖沒有任何政府單位發布避難警告,也有一千三百餘人自主避難,一切井然有序,把災情降到了最低。 
     
電視台等速報雖快,但也曾出現誤報,所幸民眾仍能保持冷靜,沒有引起任何恐慌。 
     
除了NHK強大的即時新聞外,在NHK網站上也隨時井然有序的整理新聞,方便民眾閱聽。 
     
在災情洪流中,日本媒體人提醒勿忘九十年前關東大地震時,誤傳在日韓國人將大舉抗日而造成韓國人大量被虐殺之事,自我期許傳送對災民生活有用的訊息,例如該到哪避難,何時可以安全洗澡等等。在阪神大地震時,媒體也因能傳送這些有用的訊息而受敬重。 
     
「沒有災民呼天喊地的畫面,更沒有記者跑去災區大呼小叫的搞笑。」米果在部落格文章中對日媒冷靜而詳實的報導大為讚賞,她指出,即使某些主播跟記者的聲音有些顫抖,但他們知道自己必須鎮定,且電視台配合政府發布政策,每隔幾分鐘就提醒觀眾注意安全,「NHK真是個讓人欽佩的媒體。」 
     
米果表示,反觀台灣媒體,竟在同樣的災難畫面配上諸如「驚?這是日本嗎?千萬災民湧上街頭」等不堪字幕,或是主播說「讓我們來看看畫面有多慘」。 
     
除了傳統媒體,米果也在文中提到日本網友在網路上發揮的力量,例如藝人和球員的「推特」(twitter)平時就有高達數萬人關注,如今成為最有力的救災、避難訊息轉運站。 
     
這篇文章隨即引發熱烈回響,還有網友在臉書(Facebook)上發起連署活動,痛批台灣媒體充斥危言聳聽、煽情、事不干己的言詞內容,「把災難當有趣,缺德至極!」該活動還呼籲網友一起打電話給新聞台,要求停止惡劣的報導。


學者看法 成熟媒體 應安定社會非聚焦苦痛

2011-03-13 中國時報 【陳文信/台北報導】 
     
日本發生超級大地震,日本放送協會(NHK)電視台是全球轉播災情主要來源。國內學者將NHK此次表現與英國廣播公司(BBC)之前報導倫敦地鐵爆炸案相比,強調成熟的媒體在報導災難新聞時,不會聚焦在個人的恐慌,而是充分揭露重要資訊,形成一股安定社會的力量。 
     
台大新聞所教授張錦華表示,根據傳播學界過去對災難新聞的研究,媒體報導「個人的驚恐」無助於呈現全面的災情,反而只會製造更大的恐慌;因此諸如NHK這次震災的表現,以及BBC之前在倫敦地鐵爆炸案時的新聞處理方式,都全觀地呈現事件全面,非聚焦個別傷者的恐懼和苦痛,「這才是成熟的媒體!」 
     
張錦華強調,天災難以避免,但媒體若充分告知民眾如何避難、如何做好防災工作,就可以在社會上形成一股安定的力量。她強調,NHK和BBC雖然都是公共媒體,但當災難來臨時,無論是公共媒體或私人媒體,服務社會、穩定人心的責任都是一樣的。 
     
媒體觀察基金會董事長管中祥則表示,這次NHK幾乎沒有對災民侵入式、近距離的拍攝及報導,也鮮少呈現災民哭泣、哀嚎的畫面;整體而言,日本媒體在這次震災中展現出來的是自律和秩序,而這也是對受訪者的尊重。 
     
管中祥指出,日本媒體同業之間已建立協調的慣例,若遭逢重大災變,有些不宜開放大量媒體進入的現場,就由NHK進入拍攝,再將訊號分享給其他媒體,以免採訪場面過度混亂而妨礙救災,甚至對災民造成二度傷害。管中祥建議,台灣媒體這麼多家,若能透過同業公會來協調、分工,相信也可發揮很好的效果。

 

Japan’s Strict Building Codes Saved Lives

By JAMES GLANZ and NORIMITSU ONISHI

The New York Time Published: March 11, 2011

Hidden inside the skeletons of high-rise towers, extra steel bracing, giant rubber pads and embedded hydraulic shock absorbers make modern Japanese buildings among the sturdiest in the world during a major earthquake. And all along the Japanese coast, tsunami warning signs, towering seawalls and well-marked escape routes offer some protection from walls of water.

These precautions, along with earthquake and tsunami drills that are routine for every Japanese citizen, show why Japan is the best-prepared country in the world for the twin disasters of earthquake and tsunami — practices that undoubtedly saved lives, though the final death toll is unknown.

In Japan, where earthquakes are far more common than they are in the United States, the building codes have long been much more stringent on specific matters like how much a building may sway during a quake.

After the Kobe earthquake in 1995, which killed about 6,000 people and injured 26,000, Japan also put enormous resources into new research on protecting structures, as well as retrofitting the country’s older and more vulnerable structures. Japan has spent billions of dollars developing the most advanced technology against earthquakes and tsunamis.

Japan has gone much further than the United States in outfitting new buildings with advanced devices called base isolation pads and energy dissipation units to dampen the ground’s shaking during an earthquake.

The isolation devices are essentially giant rubber-and-steel pads that are installed at the very bottom of the excavation for a building, which then simply sits on top of the pads. The dissipation units are built into a building’s structural skeleton. They are hydraulic cylinders that elongate and contract as the building sways, sapping the motion of energy.

Of course, nothing is entirely foolproof. Structural engineers monitoring the events from a distance cautioned that the death toll was likely to rise as more information became available. Dr. Jack Moehle, a structural engineer at the University of California, Berkeley, said that video of the disaster seemed to show that some older buildings had indeed collapsed.

The country that gave the world the word tsunami, especially in the 1980s and 1990s, built concrete seawalls in many communities, some as high as 40 feet, which amounted to its first line of defense against the water. In some coastal towns, in the event of an earthquake, networks of sensors are set up to set off alarms in individual residences and automatically shut down floodgates to prevent waves from surging upriver.

Critics of the seawalls say they are eyesores and bad for the environment. The seawalls, they say, can instill a false sense of security among coastal residents and discourage them from participating in regular evacuation drills. Moreover, by literally cutting residents’ visibility of the ocean, the seawalls reduce their ability to understand the sea by observing wave patterns, critics say.

Waves from Friday’s tsunami spilled over some seawalls in the affected areas. “The tsunami roared over embankments in Sendai city, washing cars, houses and farm equipment inland before reversing directions and carrying them out to sea,” according to a statement by a Japanese engineer, Kit Miyamoto, circulated by the American Society of Civil Engineers. “Flames shot from some of the houses, probably because of burst gas pipes.”

But Japan’s “massive public education program” could in the end have saved the most lives, said Rich Eisner, a retired tsunami preparedness expert who was attending a conference on the topic at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Md., on Friday.

In one town, Ofunato, which was struck by a major tsunami in 1960, dozens of signs in Japanese and English mark escape routes, and emergency sirens are tested three times a day, Mr. Eisner said.

Initial reports from Ofunato on Friday suggested that hundreds of homes had been swept away; the death toll was not yet known. But Matthew Francis of URS Corporation and a member of the civil engineering society’s tsunami subcommittee, said that education may have been the critical factor.

“For a trained population, a matter of 5 or 10 minutes is all you may need to get to high ground,” Mr. Francis said.

That would be in contrast to the much less experienced Southeast Asians, many of whom died in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami because they lingered near the coast. Reports in the Japanese news media indicate that people originally listed as missing in remote areas have been turning up in schools and community centers, suggesting that tsunami education and evacuation drills were indeed effective.

Unlike Haiti, where shoddy construction vastly increased the death toll last year, or China, where failure to follow construction codes worsened the death toll in the devastating 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Japan enforces some of the world’s most stringent building codes. Japanese buildings tend to be much stiffer and stouter than similar structures in earthquake-prone areas in California as well, said Mr. Moehle, the Berkeley engineer: Japan’s building code allows for roughly half as much sway back and forth at the top of a high rise during a major quake.

Unlike Haiti, where shoddy construction vastly increased the death toll last year, or China, where failure to follow construction codes worsened the death toll in the devastating 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Japan enforces some of the world’s most stringent building codes. Japanese buildings tend to be much stiffer and stouter than similar structures in earthquake-prone areas in California as well, said Mr. Moehle, the Berkeley engineer: Japan’s building code allows for roughly half as much sway back and forth at the top of a high rise during a major quake.

The difference, Mr. Moehle said, comes about because the United States standard is focused on preventing collapse, while in Japan — with many more earthquakes — the goal is to prevent any major damage to the buildings because of the swaying.

New apartment and office developments in Japan flaunt their seismic resistance as a marketing technique, a fact that has accelerated the use of the latest technologies, said Ronald O. Hamburger, a structural engineer in the civil engineering society and Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, a San Francisco engineering firm.

“You can increase the rents by providing a sort of warranty — ‘If you locate here you’ll be safe,’ ” Mr. Hamburger said.

Although many older buildings in Japan have been retrofitted with new bracing since the Kobe quake, there are many rural residences of older construction that are made of very light wood that would be highly vulnerable to damage. The fate of many of those residences is still unknown.

Mr. Miyamoto, the Japanese engineer, described a nation in chaos as the quake also damaged or disabled many elements of the transportation system. He said that he and his family were on a train near the Ikebukuro station when the earthquake struck. Writing at 1:30 a.m., he said that “we are still not far from where the train stopped.”

“Japan Railway actually closed down the stations and sent out all commuters into the cold night,” he said. “They announced that they are concerned about structural safety. Continuous aftershocks make me feel like car sickness as my family and I walk on the train tracks.”


http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/world/asia/12codes.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1

 

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